The term “Cost Unit” can be defined as a unit of product or service in relation to which costs are ascertained. As an example cost unit for a mobile telecommunication provider would be call minutes. Cost unit can be tangible and intangible in nature. Examples of tangible cost units are garments produced at apparel manufacturing firms, loaves of bread produced at bakeries,  bars of soap produced by soap manufactures. However, to handle the large bulk of cost units and to [...]

A cheque is a negotiable financial instrument we use to settle payments. A cheque can be lost, stolen or the signature of payee can be done by someone else pretending him/her and that’s why the protection of cheques has increased according to an international standard that we must thoroughly consider when writing a cheque. Crossing is a popular method of protecting the payer and payee of a cheque. Both bearer and order cheques can be [...]

Capital Gearing Ratio Capital gearing ratio is using to analyze the capital structure of a company. Formula:                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Capital Gearing Ratio = Equity Share Capital / Fixed Interest Bearing Funds Dividend cover This measures how many times a company can pay dividends over the profit. Ex: if dividend cover is 5, that means the company’s profit attributable to shareholders was 5 times the amount what the dividend cover exactly is. Formula: Dividend cover = Earnings per [...]

Basic objectives Financial reporting should be rich with information that is Useful to provide information to potential investors and creditors and other financial market users in making rational investment, credit, and other financial decisions. Helpful to assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of prospective cash receipts. Key to make financial decisions. About economic resources, the claims and the changes in those resources. Improving the performance of the business Provide information to make long-term decisions. Useful [...]

Minimum Variance Portfolio The minimum variance portfolio theory was adopted from the Portfolio Theory where the variance level of a portfolio is adopted to indicate the risk level of the portfolio. The variance portfolio is defined as a portfolio of assets which has a low beta value when compared to the beta value of the individual financial assets included in the portfolio. Beta value indicates the volatility of the portfolio indicating the risk level attached [...]